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福田 航大; 山根 祐一
Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, 60(12), p.1514 - 1525, 2023/12
被引用回数：1 パーセンタイル：68.31(Nuclear Science & Technology)粒子状の固体燃料デブリが水中に分散した場合のデブリ粒子径に着目し、粒子径が核分裂数や出力推移といった臨界挙動に与える影響を明らかにすることを目的とした動特性解析を行った。その結果、燃料から水への熱伝達量が大きい条件下で、燃料粒子径を1桁小さくすると核分裂の回数が10倍になること等が明らかとなった。この結果より、燃料粒子径を適切に設定しなければ、核分裂数が過大又は過少評価される可能性が示唆された。
丸山 結; 杉山 智之*; 島田 亜佐子; Lind, T.*; Bentaib, A.*; Sogalla, M.*; Pellegrini, M.*; Albright, L.*; Clayton, D.*
Proceedings of 20th International Topical Meeting on Nuclear Reactor Thermal Hydraulics (NURETH-20) (Internet), p.4782 - 4795, 2023/08
The Analysis of Information from Reactor Buildings and Containment Vessels of Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station (FDNPS) (ARC-F) project was initiated in January 2019 for three years with 22 signatories from 12 countries. Three main tasks were implemented in the ARC-F project, which were relevant to 1) refinement of analysis for accident scenarios and associated fission product (FP) transport and dispersion, 2) compilation and management of data and information, and 3) discussion for the next-phase project. Various activities were performed in Task 1, covering improvement of analysis for accident scenarios, and in-depth analyses for specific phenomena such as in-vessel melt progression, molten core/concrete interaction, FP transport and source term, hydrogen combustion and atmospheric dispersion of FPs. Through these studies, analyses for accident scenarios with severe accident codes were refined and important phenomena with large uncertainties were clarified. In order to share well selected and organized information from the FDNPS with the project partners, two databases, information source database and sample database, were built under Task 2. The analysis techniques including the separation of iodine species were developed also in Task 2 and applied to the analysis of FPs in several samples taken from the FDNPS. The next-phase project was discussed in Task 3, resulting in launching the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station Information Collection and Evaluation (FACE) project. The FACE project officially started in July 2022 with the participation of 23 organizations from 12 countries and the European Commission.
栗坂 健一; 西野 裕之; 山野 秀将
Proceedings of 30th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering (ICONE30) (Internet), 8 Pages, 2023/05
本研究の目的は破損拡大抑制技術によって過大地震時の原子炉構造レジリエンス向上策の有効性評価手法を開発することである。安全上重要な機器・構造物のレジリエンス向上策によって耐震裕度が増すとみなす。同向上策の有効性を評価するため、炉心損傷頻度CDFを指標に選び、CDFの低減を 地震PRAによって定量化する。崩壊熱除去機能喪失に至る事故シーケンスがナトリウム冷却高速炉SFRの地震時CDFに有意な寄与を示す。また、同事故シーケンスは超高温を経て炉心損傷に至る。本研究では過大地震時の振動への対策のみならず超高温での対策も評価するよう手法を考案した。手法の適用性を検討するため、ループ型SFRを想定して試計算を実施した。仮定した範囲内では、レジリエンス向上策は設計地震動の数倍の地震までCDFを有意に低減する効果を示した。適用性検討を通じて、有効性評価手法が開発された。
Li, C.-Y.; 渡部 晃*; 内堀 昭寛; 岡野 靖
Proceedings of 30th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering (ICONE30) (Internet), 10 Pages, 2023/05
Quantitative assessment of the effect of accident management on the various external hazards is essential in the nuclear safety analysis. This study aims to establish the dynamic probabilistic risk assessment methodology for sodium-cooled fast reactors that can consider the transient plant status under continuous external hazards with corresponding countermeasures operating stochastically. Specifically, the Continuous Markov chain Monte Carlo (CMMC) and Deterministic and Stochastic Petri Nets (DSPN) methods are newly applied to the severe accident analysis code, SPECTRA, which can conduct dynamic plant evaluation in the different severe accident conditions of nuclear reactors, to develop an evaluation methodology for typical external hazards. In the DSPN-CMMC-SPECTRA coupled frame, the latest safety functions of the plant components/systems can be stochastically determined by the DSPN-CMMC grounded on the current plant states under continuous hazard and the interaction between the multi-state components/systems; then, SPECTRA can evaluate the following plant state determined by the latest safety function of the components/systems. Therefore, the advantage of this newly developed DSPN-CMMC-SPECTRA frame is having the capability to quantitatively and stochastically evaluate the transient accident progressions that potentially lead to the core damage under the continuous external hazard scenario. As for the preliminary exam on the DSPN-CMMC-SPECTRA frame, one of the typical external hazards of continuous volcanic ashfall is selected in this research. In addition, the numerical investigation of alternative accident management' effects has also been carried out and quantitatively confirmed in this research.
pellet in molten Zr cladding伊藤 あゆみ*; 山下 晋; 田崎 雄大; 垣内 一雄; 小林 能直*
Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, 60(4), p.450 - 459, 2023/04
被引用回数：0 パーセンタイル：0.01(Nuclear Science & Technology)The rapid dissolution of UO in molten Zr that could occur during fuel-cladding liquefaction at high temperatures and its kinetics were reformulated considering the convective mass transfer and the chemical effect at the UO/Zr interface. The mass transfer coefficient of U was obtained as a correlation including the aspect ratio term by CFD analysis. To explain the gap between the rapid dissolution rate observed in the experiments and the density-driven convective mass transfer, we introduced an idea in which the eutectic melting at the UO/Zr interface promotes the grain detachment owing to infiltration of the U-Zr-O liquid into the UO grain boundaries. The developed model was validated with UO-Zr crucible experiments at 2273 and 2373 K. The calculated mass percentage ratios of U/Zr agreed with the measurements and the transition times from rapid saturation to precipitation were consistent with the metallographic observations.
石田 真也; 深野 義隆; 飛田 吉春; 岡野 靖
Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, 13 Pages, 2023/00
被引用回数：1 パーセンタイル：68.31(Nuclear Science & Technology)To improve the safety of future SFRs, the development of SFRs with low void reactivity has been promoted. Small SFRs can have a negative void coefficient of reactivity, so the analysis of the CDA event sequence in small SFRs is valuable for the investigation of the reactor characteristics for the future research and development of SFRs. In this study, the typical initiating events of a CDA in small SFRs were evaluated with the computational code, SAS4A. The event progression of ULOF and UTOP in the low void reactivity reactor is found to be slow due to the effective operation of the negative reactivity feedback and the absence of significant positive reactivity insertion. No power excursion occurs in the initiating phase. In ULOF, the cladding melt and relocation behavior becomes more important for the evaluation of the event progression due to its positive reactivity.
Li, C.-Y.; 渡部 晃*; 内堀 昭寛; 岡野 靖
Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, 23 Pages, 2023/00
被引用回数：1 パーセンタイル：68.31(Nuclear Science & Technology)For all the nuclear reactor systems, quantitative assessment of the accident management (AM) effects against long-term external hazards became one of the essential issues after the lesson learned from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident. However, the influence from the safety systems' stochastic and dynamic shifting between multiple working states, which is related to the interaction with the adjacent components/systems in general, has not been accounted for yet. Therefore, this research aims to develop a dynamic probability risk assessment tool considering repairable multi-component interdependency for investigating the AM influences on the multi-state safety systems under long-term external hazards. Based on the newly proposed methodology in this research via integrating the Petri Net (PN) model with the continuous Markov chain Monte Carlo (CMMC) method, a framework applying PN-CMMC methodology to a severe accident analysis code, SPECTRA, had been originally constructed. Different AM influences on the multi-state decay heat removal systems against long-term volcanic ashfall were also quantitatively confirmed, indicating that halving the repairing time is more influential in suppressing the core damage frequency than doubling the number of adjacent electricity support systems. Therefore, the PN-CMMC-SPECTRA framework can further assess the uncharted dynamic multi-state concerns, leading to a safer AM strategy.
江村 優軌; 高井 俊秀; 菊地 晋; 神山 健司; 山野 秀将; 横山 博紀*; 坂本 寛*
Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, 10 Pages, 2023/00
被引用回数：0 パーセンタイル：0.01(Nuclear Science & Technology)Boron carbide (B
C)- stainless steel (SS) eutectic reaction behavior is one of the most important issues in the core disruptive accidents (CDAs) of sodium-cooled fast reactors (SFRs). In this study, the immersion experiments using BC pellets with molten SS were conducted to evaluate the CDA sequences such as contact event of solid BC with degraded core materials including SS at very high temperature. The immersion experiment aims at understanding the kinetic behavior of solid BC-liquid SS reaction based on the reduced thickness of BC pellet after the experiment in the temperature ranges from 1763 to 1943 K, which is higher than the temperature of solid BC-solid SS reaction. Based on the kinetic consideration of the reaction rate constants for solid BC-liquid SS reaction, it was found that similar temperature dependency was identified between solid BC-liquid SS and solid BC-solid SS. Besides, the reaction rate constants of solid BC-liquid SS were smaller than those of solid BC-solid SS extrapolated in higher temperature region by two or more orders of magnitude due to two different evaluation method for BC side/SS side. It was confirmed that this difference was reasonable through the consideration of previous reaction tests in solid-solid contact for BC side/SS side.
Zhang, T.*; 守田 幸路*; Liu, X.*; Liu, W.*; 神山 健司
Annals of Nuclear Energy, 179, p.109389_1 - 109389_10, 2022/12
被引用回数：1 パーセンタイル：29.26(Nuclear Science & Technology)The ID1 test was the final target test of the EAGLE experimental framework program. It was used to verify that during a core disruptive accident, the molten fuel could be discharged via wall failure of an inner duct in FAIDUS, a design concept for the sodium-cooled fast reactor. The ID1 results revealed that the wall failure behavior owed to the large heat flow from the surrounding fuel/steel mixture. The present study numerically investigated the heat transfer mechanisms in the test using the finite volume particle method in the three-dimensional domain. The thermal hydraulic behaviors during wall failure were reproduced reasonably. The present three-dimensional simulation mitigated inherent defects of our previous two-dimensional calculation and clarified that the solid fuel and liquid steel close to the outer surface of the duct can expose the duct to high thermal loads, resulting in the wall failure.
中村 秀夫; Bentaib, A.*; Herranz, L. E.*; Ruyer, P.*; Mascari, F.*; Jacquemain, D.*; Adorni, M.*
Proceedings of International Conference on Topical Issues in Nuclear Installation Safety; Strengthening Safety of Evolutionary and Innovative Reactor Designs (TIC 2022) (Internet), 10 Pages, 2022/10
The WGAMA activity achievements have been published as technical reports, becoming reference materials to discuss innovative methods, materials and technologies in the fields of thermal-hydraulics, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and severe accidents (SAs). The International Standard Problems (ISPs) and Benchmarks of computer codes have been supported by a huge amount of the databases for the code validation necessary for the reactor safety assessment with accuracy. The paper aims to review and summarize the recent WGAMA outcomes with focus on new advanced reactor applications including small modular reactors (SMRs). Particularly, discussed are applicability of major outcomes in the relevant subjects of passive system, modelling innovation in CFD, severe accident management (SAM) countermeasures, advanced measurement methods and instrumentation, and modelling robustness of safety analysis codes. Although large portions of the outcomes are considered applicable, design-specific subjects may need careful considerations when applied. The WGAMA efforts, experiences and achievements for the safety assessment of operating nuclear power plants including SA will be of great help for the continuous safety improvements required for the advanced reactors including SMRs.
松下 肇希*; 小林 蓮*; 堺 公明*; 加藤 慎也; 松場 賢一; 神山 健司
Proceedings of 13th International Topical Meeting on Nuclear Reactor Thermal-Hydraulics, Operation and Safety (NUTHOS-13) (Internet), 9 Pages, 2022/09
ナトリウム冷却高速炉の炉心損傷事故では、溶融炉心物質が制御棒案内管などの流路を通って炉心領域下の炉心入口プレナムに流れ込む。溶融炉心物質は、ナトリウム冷却材中で入口プレナムの水平板に衝突しながら冷却・固化されると見込まれる。しかし、水平構造物に衝突した溶融炉心物質の固化・冷却挙動は、これまで十分に研究されていなかった。これはナトリウム冷却高速炉の安全性向上の観点から解明が必要な重要な現象である。そこで、カザフスタン共和国国立原子力センターの実験施設において、模擬溶融炉心物質(アルミナ: AlO
)を水平構造物上のナトリウム冷却材中に放出する一連の実験が実施された。本研究では、高速炉安全性評価コードSIMMER-IIIを用いたナトリウム試験に関する解析を実施した。解析結果と実験データの比較により、解析手法の妥当性を確認した。また、ジェット衝突時の冷却・固化挙動を評価した。その結果、溶融炉心物質が水平板への衝突により破砕され、周辺部へ飛散することがわかった。さらに、模擬溶融炉心物質がナトリウムによって冷却され、その後、固化することを確認した。
Li, C.-Y.; 渡部 晃*; 内堀 昭寛; 岡野 靖
第26回動力・エネルギー技術シンポジウム講演論文集(インターネット), 4 Pages, 2022/07
シビアアクシデントに至る可能性のある事故シナリオを同定し、その発生頻度を評価することは重要な課題である。本研究ではナトリウム冷却高速炉を対象とし、時間依存や事象の相互依存性を考慮できる動的PRA評価手法の確立を目指す。具体的には過酷事故解析コードSPECTRAに対して新たに連続マルコフ連鎖モンテカルロ(CMMC)を適用し、外部ハザードに対する解析手法を開発する。現在、崩壊熱除去系における空気冷却器のフォルトツリーモデルをCMMCとして実装し、火山降灰に対するプラント過渡特性の試行解析が終了した。
石田 真也; 深野 義隆
日本機械学会論文集(インターネット), 88(911), p.21-00304_1 - 21-00304_11, 2022/07
炉心損傷事故(CDA)の初期の段階である起因過程の評価に係る解析コードSAS4Aに関しては、これまでにCDAの代表的な事象である流量喪失時炉停止失敗事象(ULOF)に対してPIRT手法を適用し、評価手法の信頼性向上が図られている。本研究では、PIRT手法を用いてUTOPの分析を行って物理現象を抽出するとともに、それらの物理現象にランク付けを行って8つの重要現象を抽出し、ULOFとの違いを明らかにした。さらに、抽出した重要現象に対して評価マトリクスを作成し、評価マトリクスに沿って妥当性確認を行った。評価マトリクスの作成においては、UTOPの重要現象に対してULOFの評価マトリクスで網羅されていない部分に対して妥当性確認を行った。本研究によって、SAS4Aをより広範な事故事象へ適用することが可能となり、当該コードの信頼性を大きく向上させることができた。
Johnson, M.*; Delacroix, J.*; Journeau, C.*; Brayer, C.*; Clavier, R.*; Montazel, A.*; Pluyette, E.*; 松場 賢一; 江村 優軌; 神山 健司
Proceedings of International Conference on Fast Reactors and Related Fuel Cycles; Sustainable Clean Energy for the Future (FR22) (Internet), 8 Pages, 2022/04
シビアアクシデントに関する日仏共同実験の一環として、ナトリウム冷却高速炉の原子炉容器内下部プレナムへ溶融燃料が流出した時の燃料-冷却材相互作用について、その解明に向けた研究を実施している。MELT施設では、ナトリウム中へ流出したキログラム単位の模擬溶融炉心物質が急冷される様子をX線で可視化することができる。現在準備中のSERUA施設では、融体と冷却材の接触境界面温度が上昇した場合の沸騰熱伝達を評価するためのデータ取得を予定している。この論文では、これらの施設を活用した実験協力の現状について紹介する。
土井 大輔; 清野 裕; 宮原 信哉*; 宇埜 正美*
Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, 59(2), p.198 - 206, 2022/02
被引用回数：0 パーセンタイル：0.01(Nuclear Science & Technology)Non-premixed combustion of hydrogen jets containing sodium vapor and mist reduces threats to reactor containment integrity in sodium-cooled fast reactors (SFRs) because it gradually consumes hydrogen gas generated mainly by a reaction between sodium and concrete. Previous studies have been limited to experimentally determining ignition thresholds on the jet temperature and the sodium concentration under specific gas concentrations. In this study, ignition experiments on hydrogen jets containing sodium mist were carried out at a specific jet temperature and sodium concentration under various gas concentration conditions (1-15vol% hydrogen and 3-21vol% oxygen). As a result, a stable sodium flame was observed in the jet and then formed a lifted hydrogen flame from a fuel nozzle outlet. An attached hydrogen flame on the outlet was also formed under high hydrogen concentration conditions. These flame structures seemed to be attributed to hydrogen flame propagation, which depends on the hydrogen concentration, jet temperature, and jet velocity. Additionally, the experimental results revealed ignition thresholds on the gas concentration and indicated a flammable region where the hydrogen-sodium jet combustion was more advantageous than an explosive premixed hydrogen combustion. Our study will enable the advancement of safety assessment technology in SRFs.
岩澤 譲; 杉山 智之; 阿部 豊*
Nuclear Engineering and Design, 386, p.111575_1 - 111575_17, 2022/01
被引用回数：3 パーセンタイル：66.21(Nuclear Science & Technology)In severe accidents in a light water reactor, the relocated molten core (so-called corium or melt) can form a debris bed. The debris bed coolability is a critical issue for prevention and mitigation of the molten core-concrete interactions. Agglomeration has a serious impact on assessment of debris bed coolability if agglomeration forms massive debris (so-called agglomerated debris) by merging of melt particles with others when the melt particles accumulate on a floor. This paper presents the results of melt jet-breakup experiments for agglomerated debris formation using a simulant metallic melt. The experiments injected a melt jet of a low-melting point metal through a circular nozzle into a test section filled with coolant water. The particles were generated due to the melt jet-breakup accumulated on to a catcher, which is a flat plate made of stainless steel, installed in the test section. A high-speed video camera imaged particle formation and accumulation on the catcher plate. Agglomerated debris was confirmed by morphological investigation of the recovered debris. The experimental results revealed the effects of the melt jet injection conditions (melt temperature, coolant temperature, and coolant depth) on the mass fraction of agglomerated debris. On the basis of the experimental results, we proposed a simple correlation to estimate the mass fraction. The simple correlation successfully reproduced the mass fraction of agglomerated debris obtained in the DEFOR-A test [Kudinov et al., Nucl. Eng. Des., 301 (2013), 284-295]. The experimental data base presented in this paper makes further contributions to the modeling and validation of mechanistic models or simulation tools for agglomerated debris formation.
佐藤 一憲
Nuclear Engineering and Design, 383, p.111426_1 - 111426_19, 2021/11
被引用回数：5 パーセンタイル：64.12(Nuclear Science & Technology)The D/W (Drywell) and S/C (Suppression Chamber) pressure data of Fukushima-Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Unit 3 was analyzed in depth. This analysis provided valuable information related to the accident progression behavior on one hand, and gave a hint for understanding of the debris-to-coolant heat transfer when fuel debris relocated to the pedestal on the other hand. In this unit, the D/W and S/C pressure increased and decreased cyclically with a relationship, which seems to have been dependent on the composition of vapor and non-condensable gases in the S/C cover gas region. Based on this characteristic, the vapor pressure in the S/C cover gas region was evaluated for two pressure decrease cycles during and after the expected debris relocation to the pedestal respectively. This evaluation allowed an understanding that the S/C vapor pressure increased due to the heat transfer from the debris relocated to the pedestal.
Zhang, T.*; 守田 幸路*; Liu, X.*; Liu, W.*; 神山 健司
Extended abstracts of the 2nd Asian Conference on Thermal Sciences (Internet), 2 Pages, 2021/10
日本のナトリウム冷却高速炉では、高速炉の炉心損傷事故における大規模炉心プール形成による再臨界を回避する方策として、内部ダクト付き燃料集合体(FAIDUS)が提案されている。本研究では、FAIDUSの有効性を実証するために実施されたEAGLE ID1炉内試験を対象に3次元粒子粒子法シミュレーションを行い、溶融燃料/スティールの混合プールからダクト壁への熱伝達機構を明らかにするための解析的検討を行った。
小野田 雄一; 西野 裕之; 栗坂 健一; 山野 秀将
Proceedings of Asian Symposium on Risk Assessment and Management 2021 (ASRAM 2021) (Internet), 11 Pages, 2021/10
ナトリウム冷却高速炉もんじゅをモデルプラントとして、超高温条件下における破壊制御概念を適用したレジリエンス向上策の有効性評価技術を開発し、この技術を用いて予備評価を行った。超高温条件下において破壊制御の概念が適用可能と見込まれる重要な事故シーケンスは、Monjuのレベル2PRAの既存の研究結果を調査して同定された。崩壊熱除去機能喪失(PLOHS)および原子炉容器液位確保機能喪失(LORL)に分類される事故シーケンスは共に、炉心損傷防止の可能性がある重要な事故シーケンスとして識別された。本研究では、レジリエンス向上策の成否を表すヘディングをイベントツリーに導入し、その分岐確率を設定し、レジリエンス向上策の有効性を評価する技術を開発した。レジリエンス向上策の有効性評価は炉心損傷頻度の低減に寄与すると期待される。レジリエンス向上策の有効性評価を試行した結果、破壊制御概念を適用することで炉心損傷頻度を低減できることが確認された。この研究で提案するレジリエンス向上策の成功確率は、仮定に基づいて暫定的に割り当てられたものである。この値は、今後実施される超高温条件下における原子炉容器構造の健全性評価によって定量化されると期待される。本研究で開発した技術は、次世代ナトリウム冷却高速炉のレジリエンス向上策の有効性評価に応用できる。
高井 俊秀; 古川 智弘; 山野 秀将
Mechanical Engineering Journal (Internet), 8(4), p.20-00540_1 - 20-00540_11, 2021/08
炉心損傷事故時には、制御棒材である炭化ホウ素と構造材であるステンレス鋼が共晶反応を起こし、ステンレス鋼の融点より低い温度で溶融(液化)すると考えられる。こうして生成された制御棒溶解材は流動性があるため、崩壊炉心内を広範に移行し、崩壊炉心物質に混ざり込むことで、崩壊炉心物質の反応度抑制に顕著な効果をもたらすと考えられる。しかしながら、このような制御棒溶解材の共晶溶融反応やその移行挙動については、これまでの重大事故解析では何ら考慮されていない。本研究では、シビアアクシデント解析コードの高度化に資するため、炭化ほう素溶解量の異なる制御棒溶解材について固相物性測定を実施し、温度(及び炭化ホウ素濃度)依存性を示す物性評価式として整備した結果について報告する。
